After about 2–8 weeks, doctors return the T cells to the body. Adoptive cell transfer: This involves removing T cells from a tumor and modifying them in a laboratory.Some vaccines, such as that for the human papillomavirus (HPV), can have protective effects, as specific types of HPV are known to cause certain cancers. Cancer vaccines: Vaccines stimulate the immune system to fight cancer. Checkpoint inhibitors: These are medications that stimulate the immune system’s T cells, which then identify and attack cancer cells more efficiently.Monoclonal antibodies: These are synthetic antibodies that bind to specific proteins on cancer cells - marking the cells to help the immune system locate and destroy them.The main methods of delivering immunotherapy include: Immunotherapies either stimulate the immune system in a general way or train it to attack cancer cells directly. This aims to help the immune system fight cancer in the same way that it fights infections. Some types of cancer do not respond well to radiation or chemotherapy, so a person may need to try immunotherapy. There may be site-specific side effects - for example, treating cancer in the esophagus or gastrointestinal tract can cause nausea, with or without vomiting.The skin around the site of radiation can become red and sore.It can be expensive, though the exact cost depends on the type and amount of treatment.It can be inconvenient and time-consuming, as a person needs to have the treatment 5 days a week for up to 2 months.The treatment may not kill all the cancer cells in a very large tumor.There is the risk of damage to vital organs if they are particularly close to the tumor.Anyone who receives internal beam radiation therapy will be radioactive for a short period.Also, the risk of damage to organs depends on the location of the tumor. However, it is important to note that the intensity of the pain varies from person to person. causes minimal damage to organs near the tumor.is relatively safe because it specifically targets the tumor.effectively kills large numbers of cancer cells in a tumor.Radiation therapy has several advantages. Permanent implants gradually stop giving off radiation over time. Temporary implants are usually removed after a few minutes or days, and the person is considered radioactive until the removal. The implants can either be permanent or temporary. This type affects a smaller area of the body than external radiation therapy. The second type, internal beam radiation therapy, involves implanting a radiation source inside the body near the tumor. The first, external beam radiation therapy, is a local treatment, which means that it targets a specific part of the body.Īdministering it involves using a large machine to send radiation from several directions to the targeted area. There are two types of radiation therapy. These damaged cells stop dividing and eventually die, at which point the body breaks them down and removes them. Radiation therapy damages the DNA in cancer cells so that they can no longer repair themselves. It can be a primary treatment, but it also works well with other approaches, such as surgery. Radiation therapy involves using radiation to kill cancer cells and reduce the size of tumors. If tests show that chemotherapy is not having enough of an impact, other options are available.
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